What causes quadrilateral space syndrome?

Quadrilateral space syndrome usually happens from overuse, especially with overhead sports like throwing and swimming. The syndrome can also be caused by an injury, like a shoulder dislocation.

What is quadrilateral paresthesia?

Quadrilateral space syndrome is an uncommon cause of paresthesia and an underdiagnosed cause of digital ischemia in overhead athletes. Quadrilateral space syndrome can present with neurogenic symp- toms (pain and weakness) secondary to axillary nerve compression.

What happens in space syndrome?

Space adaptation syndrome or space sickness is a kind of motion sickness that can occur when one’s surroundings visually appear to be in motion, but without a corresponding sense of bodily motion. This incongruous condition can occur during space travel when changes in g-forces compromise one’s spatial orientation.

How common is quadrilateral space syndrome?

Quadrilateral space (QS) syndrome (QSS) is a relatively rare condition in which the axillary nerve and the posterior humeral circumflex artery are compressed within the QS. Fibrous bands are most commonly implicated as the cause, with true space-occupying lesions being less common.

How do you fix a quadrilateral space syndrome?

Conservative treatment is often first trialed, including physical exercise modification, physical therapy, and therapeutic massage. In patients unrelieved by conservative measures, surgical decompression of the quadrilateral space may be indicated.

What is space syndrome in simple words?

Quadilateral space syndrome is a rare source of posterolateral shoulder pain caused by the compression of the axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex artery in the quadrilateral space.

Why do muscles atrophy in space?

Because astronauts work in a weightless environment, very little muscle contraction is needed to support their bodies or move around. Without regular use and exercise our muscles weaken and deteriorate. It’s a process called atrophy.

How do you fix quadrilateral space syndrome?

How do you fix axillary nerve damage?

In many cases, axillary nerve injury will heal on its own. This may take several months. During that time it is important to do physical therapy to maintain flexibility across the shoulder joint. If after several months, the weakness does not improve, then surgery to treat the nerve injury is indicated.

Where is quadrilateral space?

The quadrilateral space is located posterior and inferior to the glenohumeral joint and contains the axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex artery.

What triggers Parsonage-Turner syndrome?

Experts do not know the exact cause of Parsonage Turner syndrome. However, there are several theories, including: A virus or infection. About 25% of people report that they had a virus or infection right before they got Parsonage Turner syndrome. It is unclear if the virus or infection actually triggered the syndrome.

What does Parsonage-Turner syndrome feel like?

Parsonage-Turner syndrome (PTS) is an uncommon neurological disorder characterized by rapid onset of severe pain in the shoulder and arm. This acute phase may last for a few hours to a few weeks and is followed by wasting and weakness of the muscles (amyotrophy) in the affected areas.

How does the muscular system change in space?

Due to the lack of gravity in space, astronauts experience a decrease in muscle mass and bone density. Without having to work against the force of gravity to support ourselves, our bones and muscles begin to weaken and deteriorate while in space.

How does prolonged space travel affect the muscular system?

Less load on the leg muscles and on the back muscles used for posture are results of extended spaceflight. More than half the muscles in the human body are designed primarily to combat gravity. Those muscles are not used in a weightless environment. As a result, muscles quickly weaken and atrophy or waste away.

How do you treat axillary nerve damage?

What Is the Treatment for an Axillary Nerve Injury?

1. Steroids to lower inflammation.
2. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to lower inflammation and pain.
3. Pain relievers.
4. Physical therapy to build muscle strength and flexibility.
5. Shoulder rotation exercises.
6. Shoulder and arm stretches.

Is axillary nerve damage permanent?

Chronic axillary nerve lesions result in permanent numbness to the lateral shoulder region, atrophy of the deltoid and teres minor muscles, and possibly chronic neuropathic pain.

What are the symptoms of axillary nerve damage?

Axillary nerve injury symptoms include:

• Shoulder or arm muscle weakness.
• Shoulder or arm muscle wasting.
• Numbness in your arm.
• Tingling in your arm.
• Loss of feeling in your arm or hand.
• Trouble lifting your arm.
• Limp hanging arm.
• Pain.

What runs through quadrilateral space?

The axillary nerve is a branch from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. It travels along the subscapularis muscle and enters the axilla before passing posteriorly through the quadrangular space.

What muscles does Parsonage-Turner syndrome affect?

Parsonage Turner syndrome (brachial neuritis) is a neurological disorder that causes sudden and severe pain in your upper arm and shoulder. Weakness in the muscles of the shoulder, arm, forearm or hand follow the pain, which lasts from days to a few weeks.

What is quadrilateral space syndrome?

Abstract Quadrilateral space syndrome (QSS) is a rare disorder characterized by axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex artery (PHCA) compression within the quadrilateral space. Impingement is most frequently due to trauma, fibrous bands, or hypertrophy of one of the muscular borders.

What are the signs and symptoms of neurogenic quadrilateral space syndrome?

Neurogenic quadrilateral space syndrome is characterized by paresthesia, fasciculations, weakness, or neurogenic pain in a nonspecific pattern. Symptoms suggestive of vascular quadrilateral space syndrome include signs of acute ischemia (pain, pallor, absent pulses), thrombosis, or embolism (coolness or cyanosis of the hand or digits).

What causes quadrangular space syndrome (QSS)?

Quadrangular space syndrome most commonly occurs when the neurovascular bundle is compressed by fibrotic bands within the narrow quadrangular space and/or by hypertrophy of the muscle boundaries. Fibrotic bands form as the result of trauma, with resultant scarring and adhesions.

What is arteriography used for in quadrilateral space syndrome?

Arteriography has been described as the cornerstone of diagnosis in quadrilateral space syndrome; it is used to reveal compression of the posterior circumflex humoral artery while the patient’s arm is in abduction and external rotation (Figure 3) 30).